Adjustment of the K-Factor in Sheet Metal Bending: A Literature Review
K-factor correction; numerical calculation; sheet metal bending.
The process of sheet metal bending is widely used in various industrial applications, requiring precision and control over forming parameters. One of the challenges in this context is the determination of the K-factor, which is extensively used during the design phase to predict the material deformation behavior during bending. In general, the traditional method of applying the K-factor in design is based on empirical tables developed over the years by observing the behavior of manufactured parts and establishing a correlation between designed and industrially produced components. However, this approach has limitations, as it neglects the impact of variables such as alloying elements, chemical composition, and material microstructure. Recently, studies have made advancements in predicting bent parts' behavior by leveraging high-tech computational simulations. An initial analysis of 16,719 identified articles led to 24 being selected as directly relevant after refinements. Research highlighted that variables such as carbon content (ranging from 0.08% to 2%) and grain size significantly affect the accuracy of the K-factor, while simulations in software like ANSYS and ABAQUS demonstrated reductions in springback of up to 20%. This paper presents a literature review on recent studies addressing improvements in bending processes and K-factor correction. Finally, a simpler and more direct approach is proposed, using alloying elements and carbon content as the primary variables to develop an accessible and efficient equation for optimizing bending processes. This approach aims to reduce reliance on advanced computational resources, offering a practical alternative to enhance precision and efficiency in lower-cost industrial applications.